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This [[Dialectic of Mind|dialectic]] was first hypothesized by [[Dialectic of Mind#History|ancient philosophers]], who developed practices to synthesize the two minds.


== Notes ==
== Notes ==

Revision as of 03:13, 10 March 2024

Psychoengineering is a research-based engineering practice designed to control and mitigate mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This site serves as a guide to psychoengineering and how to perform it.

Humans have two primary systems of acquiring knowledge: intuition, a fast and unconscious reflex; and logic, a slow and deliberate process.[1] Each of these dual cognitive methods is designed to interface with a specific type of information,[2] and are thus connected to different parts of the brain. The neural circuitry of intuition (the amygdala, basal ganglia and lateral temporal cortex)[3] is linked to circuitry related to working memory, motor control, attention, perception, and empathy.[4][5][6] Meanwhile, the neural circuitry of reason (anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus)[7] is linked to circuitry related to long-term memory recall, executive function, and complex decision-making.[8][9]

These systems are implicated in different behaviors, but like everything in the brain they are deeply connected and regularly interface with each other. For example, one could notice a dessert table and be drawn to it by their intuitive, perceptual mind - but ultimately be drawn away from it by their logical mind.[10][a]

Empathetic mind Logical mind
  • Fast and parallel
  • High error rate
  • Useful in persuasion, detecting deception
  • Useful for perceptual, physical knowledge
  • Automatically driven by similarity and association
  • Prone to judgements
  • Slow and sequential
  • Relatively low error rate
  • Impossible to construct morality with alone
  • Useful for complex decision-making
  • Deliberately driven by structured, relational data
  • Tends to disregard emotions

This dialectic was first hypothesized by ancient philosophers, who developed practices to synthesize the two minds.

Notes

  1. ^ Psychoengineering uses "empathetic/logical mind" for these systems, but they have many different names in contemporary psychology. Stanovich uses "systems 1/2", so as to not give a preference to either system. Evans has used "old/new mind", in reference to the evolutionary age of each system.[11] Darlow and Sloman use "intuitive/deliberate system" to emphasize the level of conscious control present in each.[12]

Citations

  1. ^ Kahneman 2011, pp. 20–23
  2. ^ Darlow & Sloman 2010, pp. 1–3
  3. ^ Lieberman 2003, p. 7
  4. ^ Ramezanpour & Fallah 2022
  5. ^ Roozendaal & et al. 2009
  6. ^ Schacter & et al. 2020
  7. ^ Lieberman 2003, p. 10
  8. ^ Aharoni & et al. 2013
  9. ^ Friedman & Robbins 2021
  10. ^ Darlow & Sloman 2010, p. 1
  11. ^ Evans & Stanovich 2013, p. 1
  12. ^ Darlow & Sloman 2010, p. 2

References

  • Aharoni, Eyal; Vincent, Gina M.; Harenski, Carla L.; Calhoun, Vince D.; Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Gazzaniga, Michael S.; Kiehl, Kent A. (2013). "Neuroprediction of future rearrest". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (15): 6223–6228. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219302110.
  • Darlow, Adam L.; Sloman, Steven A. (7 April 2010). "Two systems of reasoning: architecture and relation to emotion". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. 1 (3): 382–392. doi:10.1002/wcs.34.
  • Evans, Jonathan St. B. T.; Stanovich, Keith E. (2013). "Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 8 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1177/1745691612460685.
  • Friedman, Naomi P.; Robbins, Trevor W. (2021). "The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function". Neuropsychopharmacology. 47 (47): 1–18. doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0.
  • Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow (1 ed.). New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-3742-7563-1.
  • Lieberman, Matthew. D. (2003). "Reflexive and reflective judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach". In Forgas, Joeseph. P.; Williams, Kipling. D.; von Hippel, William (eds.). Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–67. ISBN 9780521822480.
  • Ramezanpour, Hamidreza; Fallah, Mazyar (12 April 2022). "The role of temporal cortex in the control of attention". Current Research in Neurobiology. 3 (100038). doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100038.
  • Roozendaal, Benno; McEwen, Bruce S.; Chattarji, Sumantra (13 May 2009). "Stress, memory and the amygdala". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 10 (June 2009): 423–433. doi:10.1038/nrn2651.
  • Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel Todd; Nock, Matthew K.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2019). Psychology (5th ed.). Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning. ISBN 9781319190804.
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