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'''Psychoengineering''' is a research-based [[engineering]] practice designed to control and mitigate mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This site serves as a guide to psychoengineering and how to perform it.
'''Psychoengineering''' is a research-based [[engineering]] practice designed to control and mitigate mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This site serves as a guide to psychoengineering and how to perform it.


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Humans have two primary systems of acquiring knowledge: [[intuition]], a fast and unconscious reflex; and [[logic]], a slow and deliberate process.<ref>{{harvnb|Kahneman|2011|pp=20-23}}</ref> Each of these dual cognitive methods is designed to interface with a specific type of information,<ref>{{harvnb|Darlow|Sloman|2010|pp=1-3}}</ref> and are thus connected to different parts of the brain. The neural circuitry of intuition (the amygdala, basal ganglia and lateral temporal cortex)<ref>{{harvnb|Lieberman|2003|p=7}}</ref> is linked to circuitry related to working memory, motor control, attention, perception, and empathy.<ref>{{harvnb|Ramezanpour|Fallah|2022}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Roozendaal|et al.|2009}}</ref><ref name="Schacter et al., 2020">Schacter, D. L., Daniel Todd Gilbert, Nock, M., & Wegner, D. M. (2020). ''Psychology'' (5th ed.). Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.</ref> Meanwhile, the neural circuitry of reason (anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus)<ref>{{harvnb|Lieberman|2003|p=10}}</ref> is linked to circuitry related to long-term memory recall, executive function, and complex decision-making.<ref name="Aharoni et al., 2013">Aharoni, E., Vincent, G. M., Harenski, C. L., Calhoun, V. D., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Gazzaniga, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Neuroprediction of future rearrest. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110''(15), 6223–6228. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219302110</ref><ref name="Friedman & Robbins, 2021">Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2021). The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. ''Neuropsychopharmacology, 47''(47), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0</ref>
Humans have two primary systems of acquiring knowledge: [[intuition]], a fast and unconscious reflex; and [[logic]], a slow and deliberate process.<ref name="Kahneman, 2011">Kahneman, D. (2011). ''Thinking, Fast and Slow''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</ref> Each of these dual cognitive methods is designed to interface with a specific type of information,<ref name="Darlow & Sloman, 2010">Darlow, A. L., & Sloman, S. A. (2010). Two systems of reasoning: architecture and relation to emotion. ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science'', 1(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.34
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</ref> and are thus connected to different parts of the brain. The neural circuitry of intuition (the amygdala, basal ganglia and lateral temporal cortex)<ref name="Lieberman, 2003">Lieberman, M. D. (2003). Reflexive and reflective judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. ''Social Judgments: Implicit and Explicit Processes''.</ref> is linked to circuitry related to working memory, motor control, attention, perception, and empathy.<ref name="Ramezanpour & Fallah, 2022">Ramezanpour, H., & Fallah, M. (2022). The role of temporal cortex in the control of attention. ''Current Research in Neurobiology, 3'', 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100038</ref><ref name="Roozendaal et al., 2009">Roozendaal, B., McEwen, B. S., & Chattarji, S. (2009). Stress, memory and the amygdala. ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10''(6), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2651</ref><ref name="Schacter et al., 2020">Schacter, D. L., Daniel Todd Gilbert, Nock, M., & Wegner, D. M. (2020). ''Psychology'' (5th ed.). Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.</ref> Meanwhile, the neural circuitry of reason (anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus)<ref name="Lieberman, 2003" /> is linked to circuitry related to long-term memory recall, executive function, and complex decision-making.<ref name="Aharoni et al., 2013">Aharoni, E., Vincent, G. M., Harenski, C. L., Calhoun, V. D., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Gazzaniga, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Neuroprediction of future rearrest. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110''(15), 6223–6228. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219302110</ref><ref name="Friedman & Robbins, 2021">Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2021). The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. ''Neuropsychopharmacology, 47''(47), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0</ref>


These systems are implicated in different behaviors, but like everything in the brain they are deeply connected and regularly interface with each other. For example, one could notice a dessert table and be drawn to it by their intuitive, perceptual mind - but ultimately be drawn away from it by their logical mind.<ref name="Darlow & Sloman, 2010" />{{efn|Psychoengineering uses "empathetic/logical mind" for these systems, but they have many different names in contemporary psychology. Stanovich uses "systems 1/2", so as to not give a preference to either system. Evans has used "old/new mind", in reference to the evolutionary age of each system.<ref name="Evans & Stanovich, 2013">Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8''(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685</ref> Darlow and Sloman use "intuitive/deliberate system" to emphasize the level of conscious control present in each.<ref name="Darlow & Sloman, 2010" />}}
These systems are implicated in different behaviors, but like everything in the brain they are deeply connected and regularly interface with each other. For example, one could notice a dessert table and be drawn to it by their intuitive, perceptual mind - but ultimately be drawn away from it by their logical mind.<ref name="Darlow & Sloman, 2010" />{{efn|Psychoengineering uses "empathetic/logical mind" for these systems, but they have many different names in contemporary psychology. Stanovich uses "systems 1/2", so as to not give a preference to either system. Evans has used "old/new mind", in reference to the evolutionary age of each system.<ref name="Evans & Stanovich, 2013">Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8''(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685</ref> Darlow and Sloman use "intuitive/deliberate system" to emphasize the level of conscious control present in each.<ref name="Darlow & Sloman, 2010" />}}
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== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
⚫
{{reflist|30em}}


== References ==
== References ==
* {{Kahneman, 2011}}
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{{reflist}}
* {{Darlow & Sloman, 2010}}
* {{Lieberman, 2003}}
* {{Ramezanpour & Fallah, 2022}}
* {{Roozendaal et al., 2009}}

Revision as of 02:14, 10 March 2024

Psychoengineering is a research-based engineering practice designed to control and mitigate mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This site serves as a guide to psychoengineering and how to perform it.

Humans have two primary systems of acquiring knowledge: intuition, a fast and unconscious reflex; and logic, a slow and deliberate process.[1] Each of these dual cognitive methods is designed to interface with a specific type of information,[2] and are thus connected to different parts of the brain. The neural circuitry of intuition (the amygdala, basal ganglia and lateral temporal cortex)[3] is linked to circuitry related to working memory, motor control, attention, perception, and empathy.[4][5][6] Meanwhile, the neural circuitry of reason (anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus)[7] is linked to circuitry related to long-term memory recall, executive function, and complex decision-making.[8][9]

These systems are implicated in different behaviors, but like everything in the brain they are deeply connected and regularly interface with each other. For example, one could notice a dessert table and be drawn to it by their intuitive, perceptual mind - but ultimately be drawn away from it by their logical mind.[10][a]

Empathetic mind Logical mind
  • Fast and parallel
  • High error rate
  • Useful in persuasion, detecting deception
  • Useful for perceptual, physical knowledge
  • Automatically driven by similarity and association
  • Prone to judgements
  • Slow and sequential
  • Relatively low error rate
  • Impossible to construct morality with alone
  • Useful for complex decision-making
  • Deliberately driven by structured, relational data
  • Tends to disregard emotions

Notes

  1. ^ Psychoengineering uses "empathetic/logical mind" for these systems, but they have many different names in contemporary psychology. Stanovich uses "systems 1/2", so as to not give a preference to either system. Evans has used "old/new mind", in reference to the evolutionary age of each system.[11] Darlow and Sloman use "intuitive/deliberate system" to emphasize the level of conscious control present in each.[10]

Citations

  1. ^ Kahneman 2011, pp. 20–23
  2. ^ Darlow & Sloman 2010, pp. 1–3
  3. ^ Lieberman 2003, p. 7
  4. ^ Ramezanpour & Fallah 2022
  5. ^ Roozendaal & et al. 2009
  6. ^ Schacter, D. L., Daniel Todd Gilbert, Nock, M., & Wegner, D. M. (2020). Psychology (5th ed.). Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.
  7. ^ Lieberman 2003, p. 10
  8. ^ Aharoni, E., Vincent, G. M., Harenski, C. L., Calhoun, V. D., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Gazzaniga, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Neuroprediction of future rearrest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 6223–6228. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219302110
  9. ^ Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2021). The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(47), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0
  10. ^ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Darlow & Sloman, 2010
  11. ^ Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685

References

  • Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow (1 ed.). New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-3742-7563-1.
  • Darlow, Adam L.; Sloman, Steven A. (7 April 2010). "Two systems of reasoning: architecture and relation to emotion". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. 1 (3): 382–392. doi:10.1002/wcs.34.
  • Lieberman, Matthew. D. (2003). "Reflexive and reflective judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach". In Forgas, Joeseph. P.; Williams, Kipling. D.; von Hippel, William (eds.). Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–67. ISBN 9780521822480.
  • Ramezanpour, Hamidreza; Fallah, Mazyar (12 April 2022). "The role of temporal cortex in the control of attention". Current Research in Neurobiology. 3 (100038). doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100038.
  • Roozendaal, Benno; McEwen, Bruce S.; Chattarji, Sumantra (13 May 2009). "Stress, memory and the amygdala". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 10 (June 2009): 423–433. doi:10.1038/nrn2651.
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