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'''Psychoengineering''' is a research-based [[engineering]] practice designed to control and mitigate mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This site serves as a guide to psychoengineering and how to perform it.
 
Humans have two primary systems of acquiring knowledge: [[w:Intuition|intuition]], a fast and unconscious reflex; and [[w:Logical reasoning|logic]], a slow and deliberate process.<ref name="{{sfn|Kahneman, |2011">Kahneman, D. (2011). ''Thinking, Fast and Slow''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</ref>|pp=20-23}} Each of these dual cognitive methods is designed to interface with a specific type of information,<ref name="{{sfn|Darlow|Sloman|2010|pp=1-3}} &and Slomanare thus connected to different parts of the brain. The neural circuitry of intuition (the amygdala, 2010">Darlowbasal ganglia and lateral temporal cortex){{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=7}} is linked to circuitry related to working memory, A.motor L.control, &attention, Slomanperception, Sand empathy.{{sfn|Ramezanpour|Fallah|2022}}{{sfn|Roozendaal|et Aal.|2009}}{{sfn|Schacter|et (2010)al.|2020}} TwoMeanwhile, the neural systemscircuitry of reasoning:reason architecture(anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and relationthe medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus){{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=10}} is linked to emotion.circuitry ''Wileyrelated Interdisciplinaryto Reviews:long-term Cognitivememory Science''recall, 1(3)executive function, 382–392and complex decision-making.{{sfn|Aharoni|et https://doi.org/10.1002/wcsal.34|2013}}{{sfn|Friedman|Robbins|2021}}
</ref> and are thus connected to different parts of the brain. The neural circuitry of intuition (the amygdala, basal ganglia and lateral temporal cortex)<ref name="Lieberman, 2003">Lieberman, M. D. (2003). Reflexive and reflective judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. ''Social Judgments: Implicit and Explicit Processes''.</ref> is linked to circuitry related to working memory, motor control, attention, perception, and empathy.<ref name="Ramezanpour & Fallah, 2022">Ramezanpour, H., & Fallah, M. (2022). The role of temporal cortex in the control of attention. ''Current Research in Neurobiology, 3'', 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100038</ref><ref name="Roozendaal et al., 2009">Roozendaal, B., McEwen, B. S., & Chattarji, S. (2009). Stress, memory and the amygdala. ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10''(6), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2651</ref><ref name="Schacter et al., 2020">Schacter, D. L., Daniel Todd Gilbert, Nock, M., & Wegner, D. M. (2020). ''Psychology'' (5th ed.). Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.</ref> Meanwhile, the neural circuitry of reason (anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus)<ref name="Lieberman, 2003" /> is linked to circuitry related to long-term memory recall, executive function, and complex decision-making.<ref name="Aharoni et al., 2013">Aharoni, E., Vincent, G. M., Harenski, C. L., Calhoun, V. D., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Gazzaniga, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Neuroprediction of future rearrest. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110''(15), 6223–6228. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219302110</ref><ref name="Friedman & Robbins, 2021">Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2021). The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. ''Neuropsychopharmacology, 47''(47), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0</ref>
 
These systems are implicated in different behaviors, but like everything in the brain they are deeply connected and regularly interface with each other. For example, one could notice a dessert table and be drawn to it by their intuitive, perceptual mind - but ultimately be drawn away from it by their logical mind.<ref name="{{sfn|Darlow & |Sloman, |2010" /><ref group|p="note" name="note A">1}}{{efn|Psychoengineering uses "empatheticintuitive/logical mind" for these systems, but they have many different names in contemporary psychology. Stanovich uses "systems 1/2", so as to not give a preference to either system. Evans has used "old/new mind", in reference to the evolutionaryphylogenetic age of each system.<ref name="{{sfn|Evans & |Stanovich, |2013">Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8''(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685</ref>|p=1}} Darlow and Sloman use "intuitive/deliberate system" to emphasize the level of conscious control present in each.<ref name="{{sfn|Darlow & |Sloman, |2010" /></ref>|p=2}}}}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; empty-cells: hide;"
! [[EmpatheticIntuitive mind]] !! [[Logical mind]]
|-
|
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* Useful for perceptual, physical knowledge
* Automatically driven by similarity and association
* Prone to judgements[[cognitive distortions]]
|
* Slow and sequential
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|-
|}
 
This [[dialectic of mind|dialectic]] was first hypothesized by [[dialectic of mind#history|ancient philosophers]], who developed practices to synthesize the two minds. These practices, refined by neuropsychology, form the basis of the techniques used in [[w:dialectical behavioral therapy|dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)]].{{sfn|Linehan|Dimeff|2001|p=1}} The goal is to achieve the [[synthetic mind]]:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto"
! [[Synthetic mind]]
|-
|
* Balances intuitive and logical minds
* Highly adaptable
* Can identify [[cognitive distortions]] using logical [[w:metacognition|metacognition]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; margin-top: 10px"
! [[w:Emotional intelligence|Emotional intelligence]]
|-
|
* Can discern, label, and communicate internal emotional state (beyond "good", "bad", and "fine")
* Understands how emotions (current and future) can affect decision-making abilities
* [[w:Emotional validation|Validating]] others and self
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 10px"
! [[w:Acceptance|Acceptance]]
|-
|
* Capable of [[cognitive defusion]]
* Understanding that the current moment in time cannot be changed, only the future can be changed
* Understanding that [[pain]] is inevitable but [[suffering]] is optional{{sfn|Alschuler|Krabak|Kratz|Jensen|Pomeranz|Burns|Bautz|Nordeen|Irwin|Lipman|2020}}
|}
|}
 
Within the synthetic mind, the objective is to [[debug]] and eliminate unwanted behaviors. [[Bugs]] typically have a fundamental [[cognitive distortion]] that fuels them.
 
== Obstacles to achieving synthetic mind ==
 
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emotionalstate[<a href='https://psycho.engineering/wiki/Emotional_state'><b>Emotional state</b></a>] --> perspective
perspective[<a href='https://psycho.engineering/wiki/Perspective'><b>Perspective</b></a>]
 
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All of these components of well-being should be improved simultaneously, but it is important to note that elements at the base are typically more capable of overwhelming the synthetic mind.
 
'''[[Neurochemistry]]''': Chemistry of individual neurons, determined genetically, which can significantly alter [[hedonic baseline]]. [[w:Monoaminergic|Monoaminergic]], [[w:GABAergic|GABAergic]], and [[w:glutamatergic|glutamatergic]] systems are strongly implicated in depression{{sfn|Kaltenboeck|Harmer|2018|p=1}} and anxiety.{{sfn|Martin|Ressler|Binder|Nemeroff|2009|pp=1-3}} Treatment: [[w:psychopharmaceutical|psychopharmeceuticals]].
 
'''[[Somatic state]]''': Conditions like sleep deprivation<ref>{{harvnb|Harrison|Horne|2000}}</ref> and body temperature{{sfn|Doohan|Watzek|King|White|Stewart|2023}} can negatively affect logical decision making. Masicampo and Baumeister observed that drinking lemonade mixed with sugar as opposed to [[w:Splenda|Splenda]] after an energy-depleting self-control task increased rule-based decision making.{{sfn|Masicampo|Baumeister|2008}}{{sfn|Gailliot|Baumeister|DeWall|Maner|Plant|Tice|Brewer|Schmeichel|2007}} Exercise has also been shown to improve problem-solving abilities.{{sfn|Hillman|Erickson|Kramer|2000}} Treatment: [[somatic management]].
 
'''[[Emotional state]]''': Distress has a significant effect on logical reasoning - arachnophobes perform significantly worse than non-arachnophobes on logical tests that relate to spiders, for example.{{sfn|Jung|Wranke|Hamburger|Knauff|2014}} Loneliness{{sfn|Şimşek|Koçak|Younis|2021}} and anger{{sfn|Zajenkowski|Zajenkowska|2015}} also negatively correlate to logical ability. Treatment: [[acceptance therapy]].
 
'''[[Perspective]]''': Perspective shifts such as [[w:distancing (psychology)|self-distancing]] and the [[w:growth mindset|growth mindset]] have a neurological basis in provoking self-reflection and heightening intrinsic motivation, respectively.{{sfn|White|Kross|Duckworth|2015}}{{sfn|Ng|2018}} Treatment: [[cognitive defusion]].
</div>
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== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
<references group="note" />
 
== Citations ==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
== References ==
* {{Aharoni et al., 2013}}
<references />
* {{Alschuler et al., 2020}}
* {{Darlow & Sloman, 2010}}
* {{Doohan et al., 2023}}
* {{Evans & Stanovich, 2013}}
* {{Friedman & Robbins, 2021}}
* {{Gailliot et al., 2007}}
* {{Harrison & Horne, 2000}}
* {{Hillman et al., 2008}}
* {{Jung et al., 2014}}
* {{Kahneman, 2011}}
* {{Kaltenboeck & Harmer, 2018}}
* {{Lieberman, 2003}}
* {{Linehan & Dimeff, 2001}}
* {{Martin et al., 2009}}
* {{Masicampo & Baumeister, 2008}}
* {{Ng, 2018}}
* {{Ramezanpour & Fallah, 2022}}
* {{Roozendaal et al., 2009}}
* {{Schacter et al., 2020}}
* {{Şimşek et al., 2021}}
* {{White et al., 2015}}
* {{Zajenkowski & Zajenkowska, 2015}}
 
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