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'''Psychoengineering''' is a research-based [[engineering]] practice designed to control and mitigate mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This site serves as a guide to psychoengineering and how to perform it.
Humans have two primary systems of acquiring knowledge: [[w:Intuition|intuition]], a fast and unconscious reflex; and [[w:Logical reasoning|logic]], a slow and deliberate process.
These systems are implicated in different behaviors, but like everything in the brain they are deeply connected and regularly interface with each other. For example, one could notice a dessert table and be drawn to it by their intuitive, perceptual mind - but ultimately be drawn away from it by their logical mind.
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* Useful for perceptual, physical knowledge
* Automatically driven by similarity and association
* Prone to
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* Slow and sequential
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This [[dialectic of mind|dialectic]] was first hypothesized by [[dialectic of mind#history|ancient philosophers]], who developed practices to synthesize the two minds. These practices, refined by neuropsychology, form the basis of the techniques used in [[w:dialectical behavioral therapy|dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)]].{{sfn|Linehan|Dimeff|2001|p=1}} The goal is to achieve the [[synthetic mind]]:
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! [[Synthetic mind]]
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* Balances intuitive and logical minds
* Highly adaptable
* Can identify [[cognitive distortions]] using logical [[w:metacognition|metacognition]]
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! [[w:Emotional intelligence|Emotional intelligence]]
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* Can discern, label, and communicate internal emotional state (beyond "good", "bad", and "fine")
* Understands how emotions (current and future) can affect decision-making abilities
* [[w:Emotional validation|Validating]] others and self
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! [[w:Acceptance|Acceptance]]
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* Capable of [[cognitive defusion]]
* Understanding that the current moment in time cannot be changed, only the future can be changed
* Understanding that [[pain]] is inevitable but [[suffering]] is optional{{sfn|Alschuler|Krabak|Kratz|Jensen|Pomeranz|Burns|Bautz|Nordeen|Irwin|Lipman|2020}}
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Within the synthetic mind, the objective is to [[debug]] and eliminate unwanted behaviors. [[Bugs]] typically have a fundamental [[cognitive distortion]] that fuels them.
== Obstacles to achieving synthetic mind ==
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somaticstate[<a href='https://psycho.engineering/wiki/Somatic_state'><b>Somatic state</b></a>] --> emotionalstate
emotionalstate[<a href='https://psycho.engineering/wiki/Emotional_state'><b>Emotional state</b></a>] --> perspective
perspective[<a href='https://psycho.engineering/wiki/Perspective'><b>Perspective</b></a>]
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All of these components of well-being should be improved simultaneously, but it is important to note that elements at the base are typically more capable of overwhelming the synthetic mind.
'''[[Neurochemistry]]''': Chemistry of individual neurons, determined genetically, which can significantly alter [[hedonic baseline]]. [[w:Monoaminergic|Monoaminergic]], [[w:GABAergic|GABAergic]], and [[w:glutamatergic|glutamatergic]] systems are strongly implicated in depression{{sfn|Kaltenboeck|Harmer|2018|p=1}} and anxiety.{{sfn|Martin|Ressler|Binder|Nemeroff|2009|pp=1-3}} Treatment: [[w:psychopharmaceutical|psychopharmeceuticals]].
'''[[Somatic state]]''': Conditions like sleep deprivation<ref>{{harvnb|Harrison|Horne|2000}}</ref> and body temperature{{sfn|Doohan|Watzek|King|White|Stewart|2023}} can negatively affect logical decision making. Masicampo and Baumeister observed that drinking lemonade mixed with sugar as opposed to [[w:Splenda|Splenda]] after an energy-depleting self-control task increased rule-based decision making.{{sfn|Masicampo|Baumeister|2008}}{{sfn|Gailliot|Baumeister|DeWall|Maner|Plant|Tice|Brewer|Schmeichel|2007}} Exercise has also been shown to improve problem-solving abilities.{{sfn|Hillman|Erickson|Kramer|2000}} Treatment: [[somatic management]].
'''[[Emotional state]]''': Distress has a significant effect on logical reasoning - arachnophobes perform significantly worse than non-arachnophobes on logical tests that relate to spiders, for example.{{sfn|Jung|Wranke|Hamburger|Knauff|2014}} Loneliness{{sfn|Şimşek|Koçak|Younis|2021}} and anger{{sfn|Zajenkowski|Zajenkowska|2015}} also negatively correlate to logical ability. Treatment: [[acceptance therapy]].
'''[[Perspective]]''': Perspective shifts such as [[w:distancing (psychology)|self-distancing]] and the [[w:growth mindset|growth mindset]] have a neurological basis in provoking self-reflection and heightening intrinsic motivation, respectively.{{sfn|White|Kross|Duckworth|2015}}{{sfn|Ng|2018}} Treatment: [[cognitive defusion]].
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== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== Citations ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== References ==
* {{Aharoni et al., 2013}}
* {{Alschuler et al., 2020}}
* {{Darlow & Sloman, 2010}}
* {{Doohan et al., 2023}}
* {{Evans & Stanovich, 2013}}
* {{Friedman & Robbins, 2021}}
* {{Gailliot et al., 2007}}
* {{Harrison & Horne, 2000}}
* {{Hillman et al., 2008}}
* {{Jung et al., 2014}}
* {{Kahneman, 2011}}
* {{Kaltenboeck & Harmer, 2018}}
* {{Lieberman, 2003}}
* {{Linehan & Dimeff, 2001}}
* {{Martin et al., 2009}}
* {{Masicampo & Baumeister, 2008}}
* {{Ng, 2018}}
* {{Ramezanpour & Fallah, 2022}}
* {{Roozendaal et al., 2009}}
* {{Schacter et al., 2020}}
* {{Şimşek et al., 2021}}
* {{White et al., 2015}}
* {{Zajenkowski & Zajenkowska, 2015}}
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